![]() The USA, however, is generally Elitist and Technical.They strike a very nice balance between anti-infantry, anti-air and anti-tank (hence Generalist). China is also in deep love for the Rule of Cool, due to Stuff Blowing Up, Kill It with Fire, Nuke 'em, and Gatling Good. They also are the slowest faction overall, although you don't want to have a Chinese tank blob next to your base. They do have the most damaging and powerful units in the game, as well as the best artillery (Overlord Tank, Nuke Cannon). China is weird blend of Generalist and Brute Force.Their army is also generally better against infantry and air than tanks. However, their lack of airforce tends to hurt. They have also quite a bit of movement, stealth, Combat Pragmatist, Hit-and-Run Tactics and "survivalist" capacities. By far the fastest faction on land, and with pretty good offense, their units' armor also tends to be made of tinfoil. However, alpha testing of the game didn't turn up the positive feedback the team was hoping for on October 29, 2013, the game was officially canceled and EA Los Angeles, as well as all subsidiaries, was shut down for good, thus putting the entire series' future into question. The sequel was being developed by Electronic Arts and a new division of BioWare, "BioWare Victory" (headed by Jon Van Canegham), in a world where all of the politicians and diplomats got Board to Death at a Peace Conference by a newly reawakened GLA. ![]() Despire all that however, the game earned good reviews from fans and critics for delivering a solid, action-packed RTS, and was particularly praised for the General system, which allowed players to rise in rank during battle and unlock unique and possibly game-winning units and special abilities. Generals was met with instant controversy from both Media Watchdogs, who objected to the national stereotyping and the fact that you could play as totally-not-Al-Qaeda, as well as longtime C&C fans, who objected to their franchise's name being associated with an RTS that more strongly resembled a Blizzard game than traditional Command & Conquer gameplay. The game is canonically unconnected to the other C&C series, and in fact bears more resemblance to Ensemble's Age of Empires and Blizzard's Starcraft and Warcraft series. An expansion pack followed, Zero Hour, which introduced more missions, more units, and three specialized generals to choose from within each main faction. The Global Liberation Army, an Arab-ish terrorist organization Ripped from the Headlines after 9/11, has declared war on the People's Republic of China and the United States of America, forcing the two superpowers to cooperate against the militants. Tomahawk Missile.Ĭ&C: Generals is a Real-Time Strategy game set 20 Minutes into the Future, using more-or-less existent, in-development, or theorized technology.
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![]() This more radical version of environmental action is illegal, as compared to its more moderate forerunner of eco-activism which is not illegal and would be classified as a form of civil disobedience and uses protests, sit ins and other civil actions to effect environmental change. Eco-terrorists are willing to inflict emotional and physical distress on their victims if they believe it will further their environmental goals. Eco-terrorism, civil disobedience, and sabotage Įco-terrorism is often defined as the use of violence to further environmental policy change. However, the natives of Algeria engaged in battles in order to try and keep their land and lifestyle. When the French colonized Algeria they took the land from natives because they believed they were not using it properly, claiming that their nomadic lifestyle was damaging to the environment in order to justify their usurping of the land. An example of Europeans infringing on the rights of natives can be found in the colonial administration of Algeria. This is similar to the way that modern day environmentalists fight to protect land from major corporations aiming to deforest land to build factories. Oftentimes natives would engage in warfare to protect their land. Land was something that was meant to be profited and capitalized off of. When the Europeans colonized other foreign lands they believed that the natives were not using the land properly. Native and indigenous people didn't have the same view on land as property that Europeans did. Instances of pre-ecoterrorism can also be found in the age of colonialism and imperialism. The peasants committed their acts to protect the environment because they felt they had a claim to it due to it being their main source of income and way of life for generations. However, this is considered a pre-history rather than an actual act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants weren't environmentalist. They specifically targeted government officials who infringed on the rights of the forest. The peasants of Ariege masked their identities and committed acts of terror. This particular instance is considered an act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants used tactics similar to modern day eco-terrorist groups. The revolts persisted for four years until May 1832. In May 1829 groups of peasant men dressed in women's clothes and terrorized forest guards and charcoal-makers who they felt had wrongfully taken the land to exploit it. The War of the Demoiselles was a series of peasant revolts in response to the new forest codes implemented by the French government in 1827. It can be seen in the War of Desmoiselles, or War of the Maidens. Although not referred to as ecoterrorism at the time, there have been incidents in history of people using terror to protect or defend the environment. However, the history of ecoterrorism precedes that. ![]() The term ecoterrorism was not coined until the 1960s. ![]() Įco-terrorism is a form of radical environmentalism that arose out of the same school of thought that brought about deep ecology, ecofeminism, social ecology, and bioregionalism. A majority of states in the US have introduced laws aimed at penalizing eco-terrorism. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines eco-terrorism as ".the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or their property by an environmentally oriented, subnational group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature." The FBI attributed eco-terrorists to US $200 million in property damage between 20. Eco-terrorism is an act of violence which is committed in support of environmental causes, against people or property. ![]() ![]() In the “Description” field enter a short mnemonic for the clip.Enter your tape’s four-digit ID into the “Reel” text field. Check the “Log Bin” in the log and capture window, the log bin should be the file name for your new project.The log and capture window will open up in Final Cut Pro. From the top menu select “File” then “Log and Capture…” (shortcut: Apple+8).The date entered should be the date at the time of logging Example: 0575-051215. ![]() IMPORTANT: THL’s naming convention for logging files is to save the project in XXXX-YYMMDD format (“XXXX” represents the unique four-digit ID assigned to the tape in the Audio-Video Database). From the top menu in Final Cut Pro select “File” then “New Project” then select “Save Project As…”.Start Final Cut Pro and insert your tape into the DV-deck.TIP: As you become more comfortable with the entire media production process you will be able to refine your logging technique to streamline your editing work but when you are learning it is best to err on the side of including more footage than you think is necessary when you are logging to give yourself ample room for making transition and cuts during editing. Logging also allows you to add descriptive comments to clips that may be helpful to editors using your logging files to recapture your project in the future when video compression standards improve. “Logging” refers to the process of selecting what footage you would like to extract from the source media and deposit on your local hard drive to be manipulated further in the editing process. If your DV deck can play both NTSC and PAL tapes, there is usually a switch on the deck to set the video format of the source data. Finally, before inserting your tape, make sure your DV deck is set to play PAL or NTSC tapes.Save your changes and close the window by clicking on “OK”.Set the “Video Playback” option to “Apple FireWire NTSC (720 x 480)” or “Apple FireWire PAL (720 x 560)”.Set the “Device Control Preset” option to “FireWire NTSC” or “FireWire PAL”.Set the “Capture Preset” option to “DV NTSC 48KHz” or “DV PAL 48KHz”.Depending on the format of your source tape (PAL or NTSC) set the “Sequence Preset” to “DV NTSC 48KHz” or “DV PAL 48KHz”.To adjust Final Cut Pro to conform to the video format of your source media select “Audio/Video Settings” under the “Final Cut Pro” option in the top menu.Final Cut Pro will save your settings so if you are working primarily with PAL or NTSC you will not have to change the settings every time as long as you are consistently working with one format. Using the wrong video format settings can result in unusable videos and lost work. It is important to make sure you are working with the correct video format in Final Cut Pro before you begin your project. TIP: The following websites have some great tutorials for Final Cut Pro: TIP: Save your work often! To save in Final Cut Pro use the “Apple + S” shortcut or the “Save Project” selection in the “File” option from the top level menu. Although this documentation focuses exclusively on media processing in Final Cut Pro on an Apple computer, many of the principles described here can be used with media editing software on other platforms. Once your tape is entered into the audio-video database, you can begin to process the footage on your physical media. THL Toolbox > Audio-Video > Technical Processing of Audio-Video - Log, Edit and Compress > Final Cut Pro Manual ![]() The average hours per worker was just more than 760 hours, or about 19 total 40-hour weeks. About $71 million went outside the country.īetween the start of site remediation in the fall of 2015 and the casino's Jopening, an estimated 6,700 individuals worked on the site at some point, Motamedi said, and worked a cumulative total of 5.2 million man-hours. ![]() The roughly $446 million of construction spending that left Massachusetts was distributed among 36 states, with Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York accounting for more than $200 million of the total, Motamedi said. Suffolk County companies, like construction manager Suffolk Construction, got about 27% of the business or $425.4 million worth of contracts, followed by Middlesex County companies that pulled in 15% of the work or about $236.8 million. ![]() Of that $1.6 billion in construction spending, about 70% of it (about $1.1 billion) remained in Massachusetts with local companies. But the casino is often referred to as a $2.6 billion project because of the other costs associated with it, like the land purchase, license application fee, the cost of furnishing the hotel and casino, and other non-construction expenses. Wynn Resorts spent about $1.6 billion to build Encore Boston Harbor. "We found that the $1.6 billion in construction spending created $2.6 billion of total economic activity and the related income and jobs that would be needed to produce that," said Rod Motamedi, a senior research manager for the UMass Donahue Institute. A UMass Donahue Institute study presented to the Gaming Commission on Thursday found that the state's second full-scale casino did just that. One of the primary arguments in favor of legalizing casino gaming here almost a decade ago was that construction of the facilities would create jobs, provide opportunities for women- and minority-owned businesses, and spur economic activity in the Bay State. BOSTON - The construction of Wynn Resorts' palatial Encore Boston Harbor casino in Everett generated about $1.6 billion of net new economic activity in Massachusetts and created or supported about 2,500 jobs that earned a cumulative $1 billion of personal income, a study of the project found. ![]() Stocks in Paris and Frankfurt are trading moderately lower.Īmong other assets, Bitcoin continues to churn in the area around $8100. London is smartly lower as Corbyn seemed to hold his own in last night’s debate with PM Boris Johnson. Tokyo, Hong Kong and Shanghai all closed with moderate selloffs. Senate unanimously passed a bill on Hong Kong that could cause China to abandon trade talks. Overnight And Overseas – Most Asian equity markets came under some pressure as the U.S. There is also a mild flight to safety globally, possibly on risk that Senate bill intensifies rioting in Hong Kong. The resultant cloud over the trade talks has equity futures trading lower this morning. China wants a deal but is prepared for the worst-case scenario, a prolonged trade war.” Many believe he speaks for the CCP. Given current poor China policy of the US, people tend to believe the significance of a trade deal, if reached, will be limited. This is what Hu Xijin, the editor of the Global Times, tweeted 4 hours ago: “Few Chinese believe that China and the US can reach a deal soon. Here’s one citation from my friend, Peter Boockvar, of Bleakley Advisors: ![]() While we have not yet heard a response from President Xi, we have heard from others. The bill will now go to conference to produce a single common version. The House had passed its version unanimously a few weeks back. Sure enough the Senate passed its version of the bill unanimously. Traders worried that a veto-proof vote in the Senate could torpedo trade talks with China. One of the things that concerned traders was the post-close vote in the Senate of the bill on the status of Hong Kong. There are also confusing numbers of new highs and new lows, which has produced a number of Hindenburg Omens in recent weeks. Once again, declines beat advances on the NYSE, a continuing erosion beneath the headline space. The post- opening selling continued into late morning and from then on, stocks traded rather indecisively. The Dow had actually opened better but reversed lower before the echo of the opening bell had faded. Kohl’s, Macy’s and other key retailers also got pounded, making the retail sector, as noted, one of the primary casualties of the day’s trading.Īnother sector weighing on the markets was energy, as the threats of new supplies drove the crude price lower. Home Depot dropped a whopping 5%, providing the vast bulk of the drop in the Dow. Weak reports from some key retailers torpedoed that sector as the holiday selling season is just beginning. The stock market action on Tuesday was hardly heroic. And then some guy named Herman Melville read about the Essex and used it for the base of a story of some kind. picked up the reputation of a jinx and could never raise a crew again. The Essex quickly took on water and Chase and the rest of the on-board crew grabbed whatever supplies and instruments they could carry, lowered their whaleboat and joined the captain and the other whaleboats.įor the next 83 days, they sailed exposed to sun and storm for over a thousand miles with crew members dying of thirst or hunger until finally the survivors reverted to eating the remains of the dead to survive.Īmazingly, the majority of survivors returned the Nantucket and returned to the whaling business. ![]() Not through yet, the whale began to swim under the vessel and then turned to ram it in the side. He then raced toward the boat and struck the bow with “ten-fold fury and vengeance” as Chase would describe it. But, when the whale was a little over a quarter mile away, it turned and faced the Essex. The whale drifted away and Chase returned to work on the whaleboat. But, even though he was just 23 years old, his years of experience told him that the whale’s reaction to a harpoon could be violent and damage the Essex, especially since the tail was dangerously close to the ship’s rudder. The first mate’s initial reaction was that this was a gift. What he saw to his amazement was an enormous sperm whale, as big as the Essex itself and floating parallel to the ship. Since the seas were relatively calm, Chase rushed to the rail to see what caused the bump. The captain, George Pollard, Jr, and a large part of the 20 man crew were about a mile away in the three other whaleboats harpooning sperm whales.Īs Chase worked to rejoin the others, he felt the ship bump a bit on the starboard side. November 20 ( King World News ) – Art Cashin: “On this day in 1820, first mate, Owen Chase, was on deck of the three masted whaling ships, Essex, hurriedly tried to repair one of the four whaling boats that had just been damaged in the day’s whale hunt. With stocks pulling back and bonds rallying, today Art Cashin said we are seeing a flight to safety globally. ![]() Regardless, choose a hue that makes you feel confident. Or maybe you want to start with a warm and subtle shade. Decide on a ColorĪre you feeling bold? Try red to express your passionate and robust personality or hot pink to stand out from the crowd. So, make sure that you put considerable thought into your color choice. Overall, the best goal is to give your hair vibrant and stylistic with the desired hair color, and we hope our article can eventually contribute to that beauty and confidence.Although semi-permanent hair dye is temporary, trying out a new color can still be daunting. We hope that you can make the application safely and effectively with our instructions. In that case, stop using it to avoid roots damage. Moreover, just like our advice, please check your hair and scalp first, for instance, the strand’s elasticity to find any irritation to avoid. So if you’ve used a relaxer service or some other chemical treatment to your hair, please leave it time for recovery, typically two weeks or more before the hair dye application. Whether or not hair coloring is still a chemical process and can potentially damage your hair. If the scalp is showing signs of irritation, do not continue. TipsĪ person’s hair and scalp should always be checked first, including the elasticity and porosity of the hair. Step 5: Apply the conditioner to your colored hair to nurture your strands and roots with nutrients after the color treatment. Step 4: Rinse your hair thoroughly to get rid of chemicals out of your strands completely. Also, use 30 to 45 minutes when using a 30 or 40 volume developer. If using a 20 volume developer to cover gray or to produce a color lighter than your original, then give the product 30 to 45 minutes of developing time. In general, the processing time for using a 10 volume developer runs 25 to 35 minutes. ![]() Step 3: Leave it for 10-45 minutes the time can vary depending on the volume you use. Then you apply the mixture to the rest of your strands to ensure the consistency of the final color. If you are applying this as an entirely new color onto your natural color, then you can apply it overall, working it down to the scalp.Īnd if you apply this color and you’ve done this color the previous time, then you should start with dyeing your root and leave it there. Step 2: Apply the mixture onto your strands. Remember to stir the mixture well before applying. Mix in a 1-to-1 ratio, so if you require one 2-oz. Step 1: Use a nonmetallic bowl for mixing your ion hair color and ion developer. A nonmetallic bowl (Metal bowl will gradually react with some ingredients of hair dye and lose its effect).To achieve the desired result and make your hair more vibrant with the color as you wish, please follow the instructions we are going to give bellow. How To Mix and Apply Ion Hair Color And Developer You can also lighten your hair but without depositing enough color, which leads to hair color that fades quickly and looks flat. If you add too much developer on the dye mixture, the mix will be wet and runny, which can make the application more difficult. Read more: Is it possible to use hair dye without developer? How much developer should you use with hair color ion?Īs the manufacturer suggests, you should mix in a 1-to-1 ratio to fully activate the chemicals and bring the best result to your strands. You can recognize such levels right in front of the label, at either 10, 20, 30, and 40. It means how much hydrogen peroxide they have. Hair developer levels are sort by their oxidizing potential. Hydrogen peroxide developer lifts the cuticle layer of the hair, and depending on the strength of the activator the cuticle will lift more or less. The developer helps the color penetrate the hair shaft and become permanent. To answer the question, you need first to understand the fundamental role of the developer in the hair dye process.ĭevelopers are also called activators, which activate the chemicals of the hair color, and without the hair dye would have absolutely no effect. If you do, what is the mixing ratio? Let’s find out. ![]() Ion makes a line of hair color products called Color Brilliance, available in a cream or liquid.Īnd when you purchase an Ion Color Brilliance, the first questions pop up in your mind that do you always have to mix Ion Color Brilliance with the developer? ![]() The alternative characters were divided into several Open Type features such as Swash, Stylistic Sets, Stylistic Alternates, Contextual Alternates. Melinda Script a new fresh & modern script with a handmade calligraphy style, decorative characters and a dancing baseline! So beautiful on invitation like greeting cards, branding materials, business cards, quotes, posters, and more!! ![]() Introducing Angeline, A beautiful classic brush script font.Īngeline comes with alternate upper and lowercase characters, and supports international languages. a charming typeface and So beautiful on invitation like greeting cards, branding materials, business cards, quotes, posters, and more! Angeline Font Mercurial Lightning Script, a new fresh & modern script typeface. The alternative characters were divided into several Open Type features such as Swash, Stylistic Sets, Stylistic Alternates, Contextual Alternates, and Ligature. ![]() Kaiyila Script a new fresh & modern script with a handmade calligraphy style, decorative characters and a dancing baseline! So beautiful on invitation like greeting cards, branding materials, business cards, quotes, posters, and more!! With modern script style this font will perfect for many different project, example: invitations, greeting cards, posters, name card, quotes, blog header, branding, logo, fashion, apparel, letter, stationery and more ! Heartbeat Script is modern script swash font, every single letters has been carefully crafted to make your text looks beautiful. finally, no word to say than “Go success and enjoy it”. Do hope helpfully to catch any design soul. This typeface has been enriches with additional alternates characters up to 1372 glyphs. Handmade script typeface present to you to complete your collections of script font. Samantha a fresh & modern script with a handmade calligraphy style, decorative characters So beautiful on invitation like greeting cards, branding materials, business cards, quotes, posters, and more!! Lovely Melissa Swash Font Simply as a stylish text overlay to any background image or anything requiring a sprinkle of elegance. Sleplesson is perfect for branding projects, homeware designs, product packaging, use in name card, invitation cards, etc. Sleeplesson Modern Swash ScriptĪ script font with a smooth handwritten style. so that all the alternate characters can easily be accessed in full by a craftsman or designer. And this Font has given PUA unicode (specially coded fonts). The Open Type features can be accessed by using Open Type savvy programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Photoshop Corel Draw X version, And Microsoft Word. Fabulous Script – Swash Fontįabulous script come with 350+ glyphs. So I decided to put together this article with very best fonts with swashes for you to download and use in your next project. However, I feel that not so many are focusing on finding the best fonts, but just a number of them. There are a lot of articles out there with fonts with swashes. To help you with this, I’ve created this list of some of the best fonts with swashes. Some fonts look amazing, when nice swashes are added to give some extra flavor and make it more classy. In my opinion, without a swashes, a font is incomplete. They are used to add a touch of artfulness to otherwise ordinary designs. A swash is a flourish character added to the beginning, inside, or end of a letter. Fonts with swashes are more decorative than normal fonts. Swashes are a set of decorative, calligraphic “outlines” added to type. ![]() Opal stored in water should not be taken out of the water for more than several minutes at a time. Once a specimen is taken out of the water its susceptibility increases. ![]() Uncut Opals are often stored in water this reduces the chance of crazing. A very gradual drying process over months or even years can in some cases effectively stabilize the stone and allow it to be cut and polished with a substantially reduced risk of crazing. The origin of the specimen is often a determining factor to its resistance to crazing. The severity of the crazing and the time it takes to "craze" varies among specimens. Crazing may also take place when an opal is subject to vibration, as during the cutting and polishing of a specimen. Although it can occur at random, it usually strikes when an Opal removed from damp conditions is allowed to dry too quickly, or when an opal is exposed to sudden intense light (or a combination of these factors). Crazing is a particularly interesting phenomenon, since it lacks consistency and is unpredictable. Common Opal lacks this effect, since its spheres are disordered or too compact to permit the light from refracting.Ī condition called crazingaffects certain Opals, causing them to form internal and external cracks. The density and pattern of the aligned silica spheres are responsible for the different colors refracted in the Opal. ![]() A light wave diffracted through the Opal causes a color sheen or scintillation in the stone. This diffracts the light entering the stone into the spectral colors. In the 1960's, the reason of the color play was discovered with the aid of the electron microscope, where it was determined that Opal is composed of tiny silica spheres that can be arranged in an orderly pattern. Many theories attempted to explain the cause of the play of color in Opal. This, virtually all scientific references, including the acclaimedĭana's System of Mineralogy, categorize Opal together with the true Mineral must have a crystal structure, which opal lacks. One of the scientifically accepted standards defining a mineral is that a Opal, being amorphous, is not truly a mineral but a mineraloid. For this reason, Opal is one of the most fascinating and fabled The rich play of color in some Opals gives them unsurpassed ![]() ![]() The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's waqf, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. In July 2020, the Council of State annulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under the secular Republic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019. The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. The patriarchate moved to the Church of the Holy Apostles, which became the city's cathedral. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings including the Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Panagia Ekatontapiliani, the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex. Islamic architectural additions included four minarets, a minbar and a mihrab. Upon its conversion, the bells, altar, iconostasis, ambo, and baptistery were removed, while iconography, such as the mosaic depictions of Jesus, Mary, Christian saints and angels were removed or plastered over. The doge of Venice who led the Fourth Crusade and the 1204 Sack of Constantinople, Enrico Dandolo, was buried in the church.Īfter the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, it was converted to a mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror and became the principal mosque of Istanbul until the 1616 construction of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque. In 1204, it was converted during the Fourth Crusade into a Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire, before being returned to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261. It was where the excommunication of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius was officially delivered by Humbert of Silva Candida, the envoy of Pope Leo IX in 1054, an act considered the start of the East–West Schism. The religious and spiritual centre of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years, the church was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization. Beginning with subsequent Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmatic Orthodox church form, and its architectural style was emulated by Ottoman mosques a thousand years later. As the episcopal see of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in the Nika riots. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have "changed the history of architecture". It was formally called the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, romanized: Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías) and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome. The current structure was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I as the Christian cathedral of Constantinople for the Byzantine Empire between 532 and 537, and was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. It was an Orthodox church until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, then a mosque until 1935, then a museum and then from 2020 a mosque again, as well as being a Roman Catholic cathedral for some decades after the Fourth Crusade of 1204. The present Hagia Sophia is the third, built in 537 AD. ![]() Three church buildings had been successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire. ' Holy Wisdom' Turkish: Ayasofya Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, romanized: Hagía Sophía Latin: Sancta Sapientia), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque ( Turkish: Ayasofya Camii), originally a Christian church, is a mosque and a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.
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